In recent years, improvements in heat pumps, the reduction in carbon factor of electricity, and advances in consumer-facing flexible tariffs and demand controls have changed the debate on how to achieve sustainable and comfortable buildings. An over simplistic framing is to view supply decarbonisation as mutually exclusive with demand reduction. These two approaches can of course be deployed together, or in phases, the order of which is debatable. Fabric retrofit still has an important role to play, and offers benefits that ‘tech’ alone cannot provide.

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